Currently there are a variety of activities to reduce GHG emissions applying to sectors such as energy, transportation, waste, agriculture, forestry and industry, which are linked to the development of international and national policies on climate change. Mitigation activities incorporate technological changes in production systems, efficient use of raw materials and fuels, fuel switching, avoiding GHG emissions from different sources, and the expansion, protection and conservation of forest ecosystems. Additional mitigation measures are conceived as complementary to the objectives of a country’s development, which can strengthen social programs, economic and environmental.

Below are the mitigation options proposed by the sectoral level Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-IPCC-:

Energy efficiency improvements to the transport sector,
industry and energy supply.
Replacement fuels in the transport sector and
as use of alternative energy.
Expansion of forest management and protection to existing ones.
Bioenergy production from agricultural residues and new crops.
Husbandry associated with higher quality pasture
nutrition and cultivation of trees.
Waste management associated with the recovery of methane,
and recycling.
Some of the above activities can be geared to the market in certificates of emission reduction (CER’s) under the Clean Development Mechanism-CDM, the Kyoto Protocol, which allows the participation of the Annex I of the Framework Convention United Nations Climate Change to meet their emission reduction targets (for the first commitment period covering the period 2008 – 2012) with the participation of an Annex I country that has no emissions reduction commitments, such as the case of Colombia. These CER, s offset the emission reduction commitments made by Annex 1 countries and the country supplier of CERs, s will benefit from technology transfer, and implementation of practices that contribute to sustainable development.

To make projects under the CDM is a need for methodologies approved by the executive board of the mechanism for formulation, estimation of the amount of emission reductions generated by the project, assessment of environmental impacts, and consultation different actors and / or stakeholders. Just as the offeror’s national approval and have the validation and monitoring of an independent audit process that concludes with the issue of emissions reduction certificates CERs.

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According to the approaches of Sadi Carnot on the operation of the steam engine, it is known that the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy can not be total. A heat engine requires a hot source of thermal energy supply and a cold source is received. In considering the Earth as a heat engine, the source that supplies the heat energy is the soil surface heated by solar radiation and the cold source is located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, cooled continuously by the loss of energy as infrared radiation emitted by the hot ground to outer space.

The Earth receives only a small amount of energy emitted by the Sun Sunlight is not used directly but as heat, therefore, it is necessary that the atmosphere transforms the thermal energy of solar radiation into mechanical energy wind. The source of heat to the atmosphere is heated the soil surface by sunlight which is then emitted as infrared radiation into space.

The greenhouse effect is one of the main factors that cause global warming of the Earth, due to the accumulation of so-called greenhouse gases CO2, H2O, O3, CH4 and CFCs in the atmosphere.

The French mathematician Jean B. J. Fourier argued that the Earth is a blue planet because of its atmosphere and that would be a black planet if he lacked it and that would freeze water if you have the mixture of gases that make up its atmosphere. In 1827 compared the influence of Earth’s atmosphere with greenhouse gases and said forming the Earth’s atmosphere serving as the glass walls of a greenhouse to keep warm.

The Irish physicist John Tyndall in 1859, found that neither oxygen or nitrogen produced greenhouse gases, which indicates that 99% of the components of the atmosphere do not produce greenhouse gases and that water, carbon dioxide and ozone it is produced. Tyndall realized that carbon dioxide absorbs a large amount of energy and its concentration varies naturally due to different phenomena, including organic fixation is carried out by the plants (see photosynthesis). Also that the decrease of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would cause the cooling of the planet and that it could be the explanation of ice ages on Earth.

The molecules of oxygen, nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide and ozone are nearly transparent to sunlight but the molecules of CO2, H2O, O3, CH4 and CFC’s are partially opaque to infrared radiation, ie, absorbed infrared radiation emitted by the soil that has been heated by sunlight.

When infrared radiation collides with molecules of CO2, H2O, O3, CH4 and CFC’s is absorbed by them. These molecules vibrate, move and emit energy in the form of invisible, infrared rays, causing the phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect, which keeps warm the atmosphere. Radiation bounce between the mixture of molecules that make up the atmosphere until they finally escape into outer space.

The term applied to greenhouse Earth relates to possible global warming due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases caused by human activity, especially since the industrial revolution by burning fossil fuels and production of new chemicals.

The Swedish chemist Svante A. Arrhenius, in 1896, argued that the concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing steadily due to the burning of coal, oil and wood, which causes the Earth’s average temperature is increasing. He noted that in case of doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, Earth’s average temperature would rise between 5 and 6 º C.

Although the greenhouse effect was known, during the first half of the twentieth century Earth researchers did not consider it a problem of global stability, as previously considered that the oceans could absorb the carbon dioxide forming calcium carbonate (CaCO3) would fall into the sea without causing any damage.

Infrared radiation is absorbed more by water vapor, carbon dioxide is followed and then the ozone, but of these three chemicals is carbon dioxide which produces more greenhouse gases because the man is increasing its concentration as a result of its activities.

It is considered that without the greenhouse effect produced by the natural carbon dioxide the temperature of the Earth would be about 20 degrees Celsius (- 20 ° C).

Scientists agree that carbon dioxide is involved in the greenhouse effect and its concentration is increasing (see chart), but disagree on two crucial aspects of the greenhouse effect: a) if it has already begun on global warming and 2) how global warming will increase (see global warming).

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Earth’s atmospheric greenhouse effect associated with radiation processes going on inside. radiation is a form of energy, and is transmitted only in a vacuum.

Other forms of energy transmission in the natural environment are conduction and convection. In conduction heat spreads through the solid (propagation of heat from the surface soil to a lower level). In a fluid (gas and liquid) heat transfer by convection process through which a relatively warm part of the fluid, moving, and then mixed and integrated into a relatively cool environment.

Characteristics of the radiation, which spread in the form of electromagnetic waves associated with a body temperature that issues it. In the present atmosphere of two types of radiation. On one side is the solar radiation coming from the surface of the sun around 6000 º C. This is mainly manifested in the form of visible light rays.

In addition, like the Sun, Earth’s surface (continents, oceans, polar caps) and the atmosphere also emit radiation, but with energy levels much lower than the del Sol is called infrared radiation is not visible, but spread in a similar way to sunlight. The atmosphere is transparent to solar radiation is far more opaque to infrared radiation originating from Earth’s surface.

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