Here is a brief overview of oars what this subject, and the fundamental keys to understanding not only why the measures are applied for protection and sanitation, but also the consequences of not meeting them reliably.

Causes of Contamination

There are two basic types of generation where this is detrimental to our support, regardless of the harm caused by each component or their physicochemical properties, but are generally classified according to their origin:

Natural Pollution: Attributed to natural phenomena, related to its structure or endogenous factors. It is caused for example by the eruption of a volcano, which has been shown to cause the same factor that several power plants polluting fossil fuel plants running at the same time.

Pollution from human activity: In this case, contamination of soil should be solely and exclusively by human intervention, using pesticides in agriculture, through lack of control and breaks underground tanks, landfills or by bad or not been verified, among other causes.

Consequences of Land Contamination

There are a myriad of injuries that result from the poor soil or lack of control over it, between which there is a significant risk to human health, either directly to make contact with toxic or indirect, in if the same transport affects a tributary of drinking water or vegetable consumption.

When the allowable level of pollutants exceeds the tolerable, and it reaches a critical level, it seriously affects the balance of the land, with the presence of substances toxic to all organisms that live there, and causing a progressive loss of soil productivity (ie, the ability to support life, necessary for the planting and harvesting).

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Doing our bit for the issue, we have prepared a brief overview of what the issue is to gain an understanding of the various forms of pollution problems and which are now detected, and to better understand why they take certain preventive measures.

Causes of Water Pollution

There are two ways of inducing water pollution, one directly (in contact with the contaminant, intentionally) or an indirect (the intention is not pouring the contaminant in the water, but it comes in contact through other media)

The causes are then divided into two types:

Natural contamination: on the Water Cycle, and includes the addition of minerals and organic residues into contact with water, eliminating pure and purifier requiring treatment to be consumed by humans.

Anthropogenic pollution: As its name implies, the source of contamination is the actions of man, with origins that are quite diverse (and in fact, daily often find more ways to harm the quality of water) ranging from the use of pesticides to the discharge of fuel from both vessels and oilfield accidents.

Effects of Water Pollution

As we said, this is a necessary for life, so the main consequence of water pollution is of course the damage to the many species that inhabit an aquatic ecosystem, disrupting their lives and even can cause the death.

Water intake in poor condition or has been improperly treated can cause a large number of health disorders, in addition to altering the living conditions of surrounding areas and affect the economic activities that depend on it.

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Reverse Phone Directory

With the development of communication, the use of phones to communicate with others has become very important. Repeated missed calls and calls from unknown numbers affect the performance of a person in his or her work place. You can get the information about the caller with the reverse phone lookup facility which is offered through internet. The name and address of the person who made repeated calls can be known and if you feel that the calls received from that person are not necessary, you can give suitable instructions to the person. If you have lost an important number saved in your mobile, it becomes easy for you to know the person through this facility when you receive a call from that person.

Many websites offer the reverse phone lookup facility. A simple process will get you the required information. Type the phone number of the call you received and click the button ‘search,’ the information about the name and address of the person who calls you repeatedly, will be displayed on the computer screen within a few seconds. The competitive field of sales and marketing makes it essential for the business organizations to reach the customers and convince them to buy their products. Such calls can be avoided when you know about such business calls with the help of this facility.

There is the possibility of this online service being misused for activities which are illegal. This facility should be used only for the purpose of knowing the details of the caller. One need not waste time searching for details in the pages of a printed directory. Reverse phone lookup facility is a great relief to a lot people engaged in hectic day schedules.

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You just have to change old habits and apply the theory of the three Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle.

Our daily habits have much to do with the overall degradation of the planet. Acts as routine as without separating out the garbage, buy disposable utensils or purchase foods packaged in recyclable materials or environmentally damaging major contributors to environmental pollution.

Reduce
- Buy products in containers of all kinds of great ability and preferably reusable. Avoid single-use containers.
- Bring your own bags to purchase.
- Retrieve old customs such as the bag of bread, or egg cup.- Try not to buy products with unnecessary packaging. The important thing is the product, the packaging is attractive.
- Choose, preferably, buy food in bulk.
- Avoid using, as far as possible, disposable items such as tissue paper, kitchen rolls, cups and paper plates, plastic utensils, etc.. The industry of disposable products is generating more garbage around the world.
- Store food in containers durable. Do not abuse the foil.
- Do not buy small appliances to perform it easy to do by hand, as the opener.
- Avoid tools and battery operated toys. If possible, use rechargeable batteries or non-polluting green.

Reuse
- When using paper to write, write only on one side and then pull the sheet. Use other side for notes, drafts, take notes, draw, etc.. You can also use old paper for wrapping.
- Try to make copies on both sides.
- If you gardening, recycle organic matter.
- Reuse plastic bags that give the supermarket to keep the trash.
- Do not throw glass jars. Very useful for storing pasta, flour and vegetables … Can also be used as money, pencil or nursery.

Recycle
- Separate waste materials for recycling up rationally. Use separate bags for organic waste, for paper and cardboard, for glass and another for the rest of packaging (carton, plastic, cans …). And each type of waste deposited in the containers that local authorities have arranged for this purpose.
- Make a proper use of recycling containers. A single aluminum cap may disrupt load an entire container glass.
- To make one ton of paper necessary 5’3 hectares of forest clearing. Annual consumption in our country forced to cut about 20 million large trees. Take action: use less paper, buy recycled paper and send to recycle all paper possible.
- Do not dispose of other waste paper container such as plastic milk cartons (containing aluminum and plastic), cans, etc..
- The role of newspapers is easier to recycle because it is made of wood fiber. If our country is recycled newspapers tenth of a year would save 700,000 trees.
- The glass vessels and the bulbs can not be recycled along with glass containers. Place in glass containers bottles only, any color, or jars. Take off the caps and make sure they do not have anything inside.
- Do not store or mix with garbage containers or with traces of drugs or those that have expired. Deposit them in containers found in pharmacies.

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All scientists are now confident that air pollution remains one of the main environmental problems in cities and that even current levels of pollution affecting the health of the population. The sources of polluted air we breathe day and night from various sources but the main is that given by the burning of vehicles. Traffic is primarily responsible for the urban local air pollution, caused by nitrogen oxides and suspended particles that are generated by combustion engines and other mechanical aspects of wear such as brakes or pneumatic. About 50% of emissions of these oxides of nitrogen in urban areas produced by the combustion engine cars. Studies in several Spanish cities and European traffic is also responsible for 50% of average annual levels of particulate matter. The study of urban air quality, health and road traffic, sponsored by Natural Gas Foundation concluded the three major traffic problems in our cities are a large fleet of vintage cars (only 10% generate 10% of pollution), a large fleet of diesel cars (which emit more nitrogen oxides) and a continuous increase of the fleet.

But how does this affect our health? Many studies have been conducted on the effects of air pollution on our health and some scientists have already dared to synthesize the main.

1. People living near heavily trafficked areas have more respiratory symptoms, infarction and reduced life expectancy.
In fact, Dr. Jordi Sunyer, codirector of the Research Center for Environmental Epidemiology states that “in situations of high exposure have shown that deaths have increased by 11%.”

2. The frequency of children with symptoms of bronchitis is higher among urban residents to the busiest routes Quie those living on roads with little traffic, as has been demonstrated in several European cities.

3. Among women who live their pregnancy in traffic areas are more babies weighing less than expected.

4. Children who grow up in areas with higher traffic intensity show a slowing in the growth of lung capacity compared to children living in less polluted areas. And if this were not enough …

There are a number of epidemiological studies showing that exposure to air pollution in the short term are associated with increased acute respiratory symptoms. These can range from irritation to death. In addition, affected people with a chronic illness and even this is made worse quickly.

Therefore, the overall pollution causes the life expectancy of people is reduced and the quality of life worse in recent years in the life of an elderly person. So says Dr. Sunyer. The children, a population particularly vulnerable. The fetus and young child have a special vulnerability to environmental toxins compared with the adult, due to differences in exposure, physiologic immaturity and lifetime of exposure.

For example, according to Nino Kuenzli, Professor of Epidemiology Center, “Children who grow up in less polluted areas have much better lung development.” They also increase in children’s asthma or bronchitis. And, according to Dr Sunyer, more people will become older with more cardiovascular and lung problems because they have been much longer exposed to contamination.

Genotoxicity Genotoxicity is a concept introduced by Dr. Jordi Sunyer and refers to the genetic inheritance of the effects of pollution. It has been tested in mice that parents exposed to contamination passed on to children damaged DNA.

Conclusions

The traffic is a major source of air pollution near the tracks both of traffic and away from them. Millions of people, commuters, cycling or walking directly exposed to these emissions. The population is also affected by the secondary pollutants formed from traffic emissions. Furthermore, this negatively affects the health of children and adults.

The most important effects are short-term irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory infections, asthma attacks, heart attacks and stroke as well as dangerous changes in heart pumping and can lead to premature death. Significant effects on long-term health include a slower lung development in children, chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer, heart disease and even potential damage to the brain and other organs.

The entire population is exposed to contamination, but not all in the same way. Some are more sensitive than others. Young children and the elderly suffer most from the effects of air pollution as well as people with health problems. Hope Several examples in Europe and the United States have shown that sustained improvements in air quality lead to big health benefits.

Given the dominant role of the traffic as a source of air pollution, the use of cleaner vehicles, cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, will be of great benefit to public health. Will also help measures such as replacing the fuel with ethanol or natural gas to slow down, etc, all measures that make it more efficient driving.

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These are the six pillars on which rests the entire industrial economy and therefore the main sources of the pollutants described above. The data relating to Spain, from official estimates of the decade 80-89.

- Oil refining
Ten establishments that have occurred over the decade an average of 36 million tons. This has an energy expenditure of 1.5 million megawatts, damaging 360 million m3 of water per year (almost 8 times the annual flow of the river Manzanares), emitted into the atmosphere 150,000 tons of anhydrous sulfuric acid and 17,000 of nitrogen oxides ( equivalent to 19 tons of pollution every year in hours). Do not forget that the fate of the production of this sector is also polluting: the burning of oil multiplied by hundreds atmospheric corrosion.- Iron Steel
There are 230 establishments that produce 50 million tons annually. This could not have consumed 7.5 million megawatt-hours and 6,250 million m3 of water per year, and have issued 450,000 tons of pollutants (including 200,000 of SO2). The latter involves the emission of 51 tons each of hours each year.

- Thermal electricity
An average of 150 plants have produced about 70 million megawatts per year, burning 12 million tons of coal, anthracite 4 million, 22 million lignite, fuel 2 million and 2 million m3 of gas. Which is settled with more than 2 million tons of air pollutants: partile 341,000 of solid SO2 1,610,000 and 186,000 of nitrogen oxide. Ie, 4 tons of pollutants per minute and 36 m3 of water per second refrigeration per 1,000 megawatt hours.

- Cement and related
About 300 factories that produce 30 million tons annually spent up to 3 million megawatts, so many tons of coal, 150,000 tons of fuel and 15,000 liters of petrol and diesel. Some analysts put at 500,000 tons per year of particulate matter emitted by these industries, accompanied by 50,000 tons of SO2 and 11,000 of nitrogen oxides.

- Pulp mills, paper and cardboard
Running the 180 seriously degrade 87’5 million m3 of water (2,700 liters per second) by pouring some 2.3 million tonnes of organochlorines. They also emit 31,000 tons of particulate matter, 50,000 and 12,000 of NOx SO2. All this to produce 3.5 million tons of pulp and the like with an energy expenditure of nearly 3 million megawatt-hours and 72,123 tons of coal, not to mention the nefarious influence of industry on forest policy (monoculture pine and eucalyptus, reclassification of protected areas) or “consumption” of forest that involves every ton of pulp produced.

- The chemical
The set corresponds to the chemical industry as much as 30% of the 2,000,000 tons of hazardous waste generated in Spain.

The automobile industry deserves a place among the most polluting industries. The Spanish automobile sector during the eighties as an annual average, used and contaminated 575 million m3 of water and consumed 1.5 million megawatt, 7,000 and 114,000 tons of coal fuel oil to produce an average of 1,150,000 units, machines designed to not exceed an average of 3,000 hours of life and energy efficiency with no more than 10% responsible for 20% CO2 and 34% of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere. In addition, the automobile is the main target of synthetic paints, generating most dangerous toxic waste after radioactive.

An example: the Mediterranean is not a sewer

The countries bordering the Mediterranean with a population of 132 million inhabitants in the coastal zone, which number about 100 million tourists in the summer months. The high volume of sewage is facing a poor clearance structure. The result is that between 70 and 85% of urban sewage is dumped untreated. The excess nitrates and phosphates cause algal blooms generated. The subsequent decomposition of the mass of algae by bacterial action consume large amounts of oxygen and affects the whole marine ecosystem.

More than 200 petrochemical and energy, oil drilling, refineries, power plants, chemical and chlorine plants bordering the sea and use it as toxic waste dump. The Spanish paper industry alone is responsible for the annual discharge of 15,000 tonnes of organochlorine residues. Given these figures at all strange that the death of dolphins in the Mediterranean, seen in 1990, was associated with weakened immune systems caused by high levels of organochlorines measured in their bodies. Another major source of pollution is the agrochemical, only in the coastal regions are used annually more than 500,000 tons of nitrogenous fertilizers and nearly 200,000 of phosphorus.

But the head of the discharge is still oil and its derivatives, with 635,000 tons per year (one fifth of the world total) for the entire basin, from routine operations of refinery and tank cleaning and deliberate dumping accidental or from vessels (oil Haven, Gulf of Genoa, 1991). Currently there are 116 platforms installed, for every 1,000 tons of oil extracted pour 100 kg. the sea. The last meeting of the United Nations Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona Convention) has failed in his task, reaching the tepid commitment to “progressive reduction by 2005.”

The toxic industry
In Spain the amount of hazardous waste produced is 2 million tons, of which 80%, as recognized by the Minister of Public Works, Tourism and Environment, Josep Borrell in 1992, not under any control . Each inhabitant of Spain, we played 50 kg. per year of pure lethal chemical, waste from the manufacture of solvents, synthetic paints, coatings, biocides, paper … Quantity qualitatively more dangerous than 3,250,000 tons of sulfur dioxide receiving atmosphere year for much that is primarily responsible for acid rain, toxic waste because its lethality keep up tiny doses throughout the decades.

These residues are always linked to toxic industrial production systems, which cause many problems and risks of contamination:

- Hazardous contamination
Only part of the toxic substances used and generated during industrial processes is in the form of toxic waste. According to the U.S. Administration in 1991 the industries of this country issued at least 1’53 million tons of over 300 toxic substances into the environment. About 60% went to the atmosphere controls air emissions are less stringent in Spain, MOPTMA has stated that the sewer may be the main type of emission of toxic waste.

- Exposure of workers
The cabinet occupational health union Workers Commissions (CCOO) estimates that over a million and half of workers are exposed to carcinogenic substances in Spain. In the U.S., some estimates speak of between 30,000 and 90,000 workers died of cancer in 1992 as a result of exposure to carcinogens in the workplace.

- Population exposure
Caused by air emissions, spills, leaks, leaks …

- Accidents in factories and in transport
According to Civil Protection between 1987 and 1993 there were 23 accidents “major” industries Spains. The most recent escape of chlorine gas in the Erkimia factory in Flix, Tarragona.

- Consumer exposure
The toxic substances used by industries are incorporated into consumer goods and building materials. When using these assets and their subsequent management as waste, these toxic substances are released into the environment damaging public health and the environment. Paints, varnishes, cleaning products and disinfectants, wood preservatives, adhesives, plastics, etc., contain substances such as toluene, xylene, chloroform or heavy metals that also pose a risk to the health of consumers.

The origin of the special waste and emissions of toxic substances is none other than the use of toxic raw materials and processes in industrial production.

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Classical pollutants:

- Carbon dioxide (CO2): The main gas responsible for global warming.

- Nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to the formation of ground level ozone and smog.

- Hydrogen chloride (HCl): Very soluble in water, forms a very strong acid called hydrochloric acid, responsible for the formation of acid mists in environmental conditions of humidity and for investments. Such a situation may cause irritation of eyes and other sensitive human tissues and respiratory problems.

- Sulphur dioxide (SO2): Principal responsible for the destruction of almost one third of the forests of central and northern Europe by acid rain.- Solid particles: We distinguish between coarse particles (more than 2 microns in diameter) and fine particles (less than 2 micómetros). Fine particles are most dangerous as they can be washed hundreds of miles by the wind and the human body has no protection against them, so they easily penetrate the alveolar sacs of the lungs, where the pollutants that go directly transported the blood.

Heavy metals:

The most dangerous are mercury, which damages the neurological system, cadmium, which damages the kidneys, and lead, which most worrying clinical effect is the damage that occurs in the mental development of children. Its toxicity is exacerbated by persistent and bioaccumulative character: do not degrade and the living have no mechanisms to remove them.

Synthetic organic compounds:

Distinguished by their high toxicity, volatility, persistence in the environment, bioaccumulative nature and mobility in landfill, chemicals such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, benzene), esters, ethers, ketones, amines, PCBes, PCTes … Among them are the most dangerous pollutants generated by human activity ever: dioxins and furans, which belong to a larger chemical family, the organochlorines:

- Vinyl chloride
Use: Production of PVC
Effects:
Cause brain cancer, suppresses the immune system
Mutagenic, causes birth defects

- Trichloroethylene
Use: Paints, rubber and carpet cleaners
Effects:
Cause cancer and damage to the central nervous system
Cause reproductive failure

- Methyl chloroform
Use: Correction fluid and ink
Effects:
Damages the heart and respiratory system
Destroyer of the ozone layer

- Perchloroethylene
Use: Dry cleaning, metal degreasing
Effects:
It damages the liver and kidneys
Causes acid rain

- Hexachlorobenzene
Use: Fungicide product in the production of chlorinated solvents
Effects:
Inhibits the development and affects the metabolism
Bioaccumulative

- Dioxin
Use: Byproduct during the production and incineration of organochlorine
Effects:
Cause cancer and reproductive failure, damage the immune system
Cancerous tumors originating in fish and marine mammals

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Pollution and toxic waste are a poorly understood aspect of progress. Human beings do not realize the magnitude of the problem. Live every day with thousands of chemicals that reach him through the water, air, land and the products they consume. Currently, there are between 80,000 and 120,000 synthetic chemicals in production and released into the market an average of 3 new synthetic chemicals per day. There is very little information about many of these compounds and their impact on the environment and health of people.

The emission to the environment of these substances pose a serious risk to life. Every newborn has on your body and contaminants in the environment by human activity. The continuing contamination, daily quiet is much more severe than occasionally splashing the pages of newspapers. Accidents Valdex-Exxon supertankers, Aegean Sea, Prestige …-, of industrial-plant biocide of multinational Union Carbide in Bhopal, India, remain small when compared with the amounts of pollutants are discharged annually worldwide.Carbon dioxide, CO2, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals … multitude of substances that arise from activities such as petroleum refining, steel, generation of thermal electricity, cement and related factories pulp, paper and cardboard, automotive and chemical industries, etc..

Each substance in a certain way affects humans. Many do not degrade, but persist and accumulate in the body. Eye irritation and other sensitive tissues, respiratory problems, damage to the neurological system, the immune system, heart and kidneys, even in the mental development of children come to be common, as well as tumors and cancer.

Hundreds of thousands of petrochemical and energy, oil drilling, refineries, power plants, chemical and chlorine plants are located near the sea and use it as a toxic waste dump. The paper industry alone is responsible for the annual discharge of billions of tons of waste.

For years it has tried to introduce in less developed countries polluting technologies, such as incinerators, rejected in developed countries. Due to its effects on health and public pressure, since the mid 90′s these technologies began to be replaced with more clean in countries like the United States. Companies that manufacture incinerators, rejected in their countries of origin, then began to seek markets in the south, in underdeveloped countries, especially in Africa, where health and environmental standards are lax.

Toxic waste

The amount of hazardous waste produced by mankind amounts to billions of tonnes of residues from the manufacture of solvents, synthetic paints, coatings, biocides and paper is a qualitatively much more dangerous than the billions of tons of sulfur dioxide, which receives the atmosphere per year, much that is primarily responsible for acid rain. Toxic wastes retain their lethality even in tiny doses over decades.

The origin of the “special” waste and emissions of toxic substances is none other than the use of toxic raw materials and processes in industrial production. Until very recently, the waste is deposited, without more, in landfills, rivers, seas or anywhere else that was nearby. In agricultural and pastoral societies is very little waste produced unusable. With industrialization and development have increased the number and variety of waste generated. For several decades have followed the simple system eliminating the spill. This was done even with the increasing amount of toxic chemicals that are produced. But it has gradually become clear, over time, the serious implications for the hygiene and health of people and the significant negative environmental impacts of this system of waste disposal.

The problem is aggravated by the growing industrial activity produces many products that are toxic or very difficult to incorporate into the cycles of natural elements. On several occasions the chemicals accumulated in landfills, which have since been covered with earth and used to build houses on them, have caused serious problems, including damaging the health of people.

These wastes, as they are always linked to toxic industrial production systems, cause many other risks and pollution problems such as pollution and hazardous exposure of workers. Millions of workers die of cancer from exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. The population exposure to waste is caused by air emissions, spills, leaks, leaks, accidents often occur as in factories and in transport. The toxic substances used by industries are also incorporated to consumer goods and building materials.

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NO (g) + O2 (g) —-> NO2 (g)

turn nitrogen dioxide by the action of sunlight, it decomposes into carbon monoxide

NO2 (g) + light —-> NO (g) + O (g)Nitric oxide, can be re-oxidized to form nitrogen dioxide again and make the process starts again. However, atomic oxygen is a highly reactive species that can cause many important reactions, one of which is the formation of ozone

O (g) + O2 (g) —-> O3 (g)

This is just one example of the processes that lead to the formation of ozone in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Other pollutants, through similar processes also lead to ozone formation.

The fight against ozone

In October 2000, the Ministers of Environment of the European Union adopted a draft directive (which has yet to be approved by Parliament) to strengthen monitoring and warning systems to air pollution concentrations of ozone. The proposal states that in 2010, the maximum concentration to ensure human health, from which it will be necessary to warn the population, is 120 micrograms of ozone per cubic meter of air. This amount to be exceeded more than 25 days a year for a period of 8 hours. The alert level, from which it will be necessary to take action, be set at 240 micrograms per cubic meter.

credit to:  M.A. Gómez

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Ozone amounts that give rise to these processes are small and their concentration in the air does not reach dangerous levels. However, tropospheric ozone can be a problem when it causes an increase in concentration by artificial means: pollution. Many activities performed by the man now emit air pollutants that are precursors of ozone. By the action of sunlight, these chemicals react and cause the formation of ozone. This usually occurs mainly in large cities, the process favored by high concentrations of pollutants in the air.Since the process also requires the help of sunlight, is in spring and summer when they reach the maximum concentrations of tropospheric ozone. By increasing its concentration, ozone becomes a pollutant that affects human health.

How do we affect the ozone?

The ozone penetrates the respiratory system and due to its highly oxidizing causes irritation of mucous membranes and lung tissues. The main effects observed are: eye irritation, cough, headache, chest pains, etc.. Can reach, when the concentrations are very high, to cause lung inflammation seriously affecting respiratory function.

People most at risk are those with lung disease, among which are the asthmatics (widespread disease in the spring due to allergic reactions.) In general, mainly affects people who exercise outdoors. Because, as mentioned above, the reactions that produce ozone are activated by the action of sunlight, the hours when the ozone concentration in air is higher are those that are from noon until evening.

But ozone is not only harmful to man, also for the rest of living beings. For example, is highly toxic to plants. Affects the cell walls decreases photosynthetic activity and impairs their growth, causing a decrease in natural vegetation and agricultural production.

credit to: M.A. Gómez

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